BYZANTINE TECHNIQUE — mosaic technique perfected during the Byzantine period, that is between 476 and 1425 AD, under the influence of the Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine mosaics, while rooted in earlier Hellenistic and Roman practices, flourished as a unique and powerful form of personal and religious expression within the Byzantine Empire. They not only left a profound impact on Islamic art produced in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates and the Ottoman Empire but also influenced artists in the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, the Republic of Venice, and regions influenced by Orthodox Christianity, such as Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, and Russia.

The beauty of Byzantine mosaics lies in the meticulous craftsmanship and attention to detail. Composed of small pieces known as tesserae, which could be made from glass, stone, ceramic, or other materials. Byzantine mosaics expanded the range of tesserae materials to include gold leaf and precious stones. Craftsmen perfected the construction techniques, ensuring a durable and long-lasting artwork.

The creation of a Byzantine mosaic began with the careful preparation of the foundation. Multiple layers were laid, with the final layer consisting of a fine mix of crushed lime and brick powder. This surface served as a moist canvas for the artists, who drew intricate images and outlined geometric shapes using tools like strings, compasses, and calipers. The tesserae were then meticulously cemented into position, creating a magnificent and detailed mosaic composition.

The influence of Byzantine mosaics extends beyond their artistic splendour. Their focus on simplicity and symbolism has inspired artists worldwide. The use of vibrant colours, intricate patterns, and religious imagery in Byzantine mosaics conveyed profound spiritual messages. These mosaics often adorned the walls and domes of churches, illustrating scenes from the Bible, depictions of saints, and emperors. The reflective surfaces of gold and silver tesserae added a divine luminescence to the artworks.

Today, Byzantine-style mosaics continue to captivate art enthusiasts and historians. Many exceptional examples can be found in preserved Byzantine churches, museums, and archaeological sites, providing a glimpse into the rich artistic and cultural heritage of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine technique stands as a testament to the skill, creativity, and enduring legacy of the mosaic artisans of that era.