Porcelain — type of ceramic material known for its dense, fine-grained, and smooth body. It is made through a specific manufacturing process that involves high-quality materials and precise firing techniques.

The production of porcelain begins with the selection of high-purity clay, typically kaolin, which is finely ground and purified to remove impurities. Other additives may be incorporated to enhance specific properties. The clay is then shaped into the desired form.

Once the shaping is complete, the porcelain tiles are carefully dried to remove moisture. They are then fired at extremely high temperatures, typically ranging from 1,200 to 1,450 degrees Celsius (2,200 to 2,650 degrees Fahrenheit), in a kiln. This firing process causes the clay particles to vitrify, transforming into a glass-like state. The vitrification leads to the characteristic dense and non-porous nature of porcelain.

The high firing temperature of porcelain gives it exceptional strength, durability, and resistance to moisture absorption. It also results in a smooth and translucent surface. Porcelain often exhibits a white or off-white colour, which allows for a wide range of decorative possibilities. Glazes can be applied to porcelain to add colours, patterns, or protective finishes.

While porcelain and ceramic tiles are both made from clay and fired in kilns, there are some key differences between them. Porcelain is a specific type of ceramic that is distinguished by its dense and non-porous nature. It is fired at higher temperatures and has a more refined composition compared to ceramic tiles.

Ceramic tiles, on the other hand, are generally made from a mixture of various clays and other materials. They are fired at lower temperatures, which results in a less dense and more porous structure. Ceramic tiles are often glazed to provide colour and protection but the glaze does not penetrate the entire body of the tile.

The differences in composition and firing temperatures give porcelain its superior strength, durability, and resistance to staining and moisture absorption compared to ceramic tiles. Porcelain is commonly used in high-end applications where these properties are valued, such as for flooring, countertops, and sanitary ware. Ceramic tiles, on the other hand, are widely used, mostly for walls, in both residential and commercial settings.